[ effect of ethanolic extract of Scrophularia striata on pain in male rats]

Scrophularia striata plant containing anti-inflammatory compounds and have nitric oxide production inhibiting properties. So can be an analgesic and act particularly on inflammatory kind of pain. The effect of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Scrophularia striata was investigated on pain with formalin test in the male rats. In this study 40 Wistar male rats [250 to 300 g] were used and 8 animals were divided into five groups: 1.Control: [solvent], 2- Diclofenac [5 mg/kg], 3 - 6. Groups: Use extract with doses 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg intraperitoneally. At test time, the extract solved with 10 microl DMSO and diluted by adding PBS and injected into the peritoneum [0.5 ml volume]. After 30 minute, 50 microl formalin 2.5% injected to the right foot floor subcutaneously and the animal's pain behavior were recorded every 15 seconds for about 60 minutes. The final data of both acute and chronic pain phases were analyzed separately by using one-way ANOVA. In the acute phase, administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of Scrophularia striata decreased symptoms of pain than the control group [p <0.05, p <0.01]. In the chronic phase, the extract caused a significant reduction in pain scores compared to controls, especially in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg [p <0.01]. Our results showed that peripheral injection of ethanolic extracts of Scrophularia striata can significantly produces analgesic effects and provides most pain alleviation on the chorionic phase of the formalin test

effect of magnesium on morphine withdrawal signs in rats

Background and Purpose: Glutamatergic system has a role on morphine withdrawal sign, and magnesium has inhibitory effect on the NMDA receptors of glutamatergic system. The present study aimed to determine the effects of magnesium injection on morphine withdrawal signs in male and female rats

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 Male and female rats [200-250 gr] were used. The animals divided into 6 equal groups: two male and female control groups received normal saline; two male and female groups receiving magnesium sulfate 150 mg/kg; and the last two groups receiving magnesium sulfate 300 mg/kg. All groups received 3% sucrose in tap water with morphine 0.4mg/ml [for 21 days] to become addicted. In the end of 21st day, NS or magnesium administrated 30 min before naloxone [2mg/kg] and then withdrawal signs evaluated for next 30 min. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using ANOVA and complementary tests with p<0.05 as significant

Results: The results of this study showed that the injection of magnesium in dose of 150 mg/kg could significantly reduce many withdrawal symptoms in male addicted rats [Jumping 62.96% [2.5 +/- 1.14], standing 45.4% [6.62 +/- 1.45]] and in female addicted rats [Jumping 77.75% [1.25 +/- 0.54], climbing 24.51% [8.87 +/- 1.65], standing 52.57% [5.57 +/- 1.26]]. The injection of magnesium with dose of 300 mg/kg also reduced dramatically withdrawal symptoms in male rats [Jumping 87.03% [6.75 +/- 1.66], climbing 34.34% [12.87 +/- 1.27], standing 56.12% [12.125 +/- 1.27]] and female rats [Jumping 84.43% [0.875 +/- 0.25], climbing 36.17% [7.5 +/- 1.08], standing 69.07 % [3.75 +/- 0.64]]. The administration of magnesium in both doses caused a significant reduction of most withdrawal symptoms, and its effect on both sexes was almost similar

Conclusions: It seems that the injection of magnesium during morphine withdrawal can considerably reduce the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome in rats

Effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on electrocardiogram changes in patients with renal stone

Background and Purpose: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [ESWL] is initial treatment of choice for most calculi in the kidney. Although ESWL has many side effects one of which is cardiac arrhythmia, occurring mostly in non-synchronized mode. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on electrocardiogram changes in patients with renal stone

Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 75 patients with renal stone who were selected by non-probability and convenience sampling. Then electrocardiograph was obtained from participants before, during and after lithotripsy. The relationship between ESWL-associated arrhythmia and autonomic neural activity was evaluated by heart rate spectral analysis. Electrocardiogram changes were interpreted and the data were analyzed in SPSS and SAS using chi-square, independent t-test, paired t-test, McNemar, Cochrane, One-way ANOVA and general linear model

Results: ESWL was found to elicit new or worsened electrocardiogram changes in 66.7 percent patients with no previous cardiac disease. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the presence of ventricular premature contractions and analgesic drugs [p<0.001] and between the presence of ventricular tachycardia and treatment duration [p<0.001]

Conclusion: Shock waves delivered by lithotripsy cause cardiac arrhythmia